Nomad Blackboard: Encephalartos natalensis
How do cycads reproduce? The case of Encephalartos natalensis at Marimurtra
Cycads are a very ancient group of plants, dating back to the time of the dinosaurs, that attract attention due to their exotic appearance and unique biology. Despite their resemblance to palm trees, they actually belong to the gymnosperms, a group of plants that do not have flowers, but other specialized reproductive structures.
One of the most fascinating characteristics of cycads is their method of reproduction. In this article, we explain how these plants reproduce and how, at Marimurtra, we contribute to their conservation through manual pollination.
Sexual vs. asexual reproduction
Plants can reproduce in two ways: sexually and asexually.
Sexual reproduction involves combining the genetic material of two different individuals (male and female), which can result in new traits. This genetic variability is key to the species’ adaptation and survival in the face of environmental changes. However, it also requires more energy and very specific conditions to succeed: temporal coincidence between male and female, proximity, and an effective means of transferring pollen (such as wind or certain insects).
In contrast, asexual reproduction produces clones identical to the parent plant. It is a useful strategy for rapid expansion but does not promote genetic diversity.
Manual pollination: a tool for conservation
In the case of cycads, sexual reproduction is particularly complex. Synchronization between individuals and the natural dispersion of pollen may fail, especially in endangered species or those with reduced populations. This is where manual pollination becomes essential—a technique that ensures fertilization.
The process involves:
Collecting pollen from the male cones (reproductive structures).
Preserving it in good condition.
Manually introducing it into the receptive female cones.
Waiting for seed formation, which, after a resting period, can be planted to generate new individuals.
The case of Encephalartos natalensis at Marimurtra
One of the cycad specimens we have at the Marimurtra Botanical Garden is Encephalartos natalensis, a species endemic to South Africa. It is a gymnosperm plant that looks like a palm tree, but has a very different reproductive biology.
This specimen arrived at Marimurtra in June 2018. In December 2023, manual pollination was carried out, and in September 2024, the resulting seeds were collected. These seeds, once they have completed a resting period of about six months, can be planted to produce new genetically viable individuals.
This action is part of Marimurtra’s ex situ conservation efforts to preserve valuable and endangered plant species.
A small action with great impact
Understanding and applying techniques like manual pollination allows us to contribute to the conservation of global plant biodiversity. Cycads are a living example of plant evolution and, thanks to research and botanical care, they can have a more hopeful future.
Visit Marimurtra and discover these botanical treasures in person!
